History of Indonesia covers a very long time span that starts since prehistoric times by the "Java Man" at the time about 500,000 years ago. Period in the history of Indonesia can be divided into five age: pre colonial empires rise of Hindu-Buddhism and Islam in Java and Sumatra, which mainly relies on trade; colonial era, the introduction of Europeans (especially the Netherlands) who want spice resulted in colonization by the Dutch for about 3.5 centuries between the early century of the 17th to the mid-20th century, the era of independence, post-Proclamation Indonesian Independence (1945) until the fall of Sukarno (1966); New Order era, 32-year reign of Suharto (1966-1998); and the era of reform lasted until now.
Prehistoric
Geologically, the territory of modern Indonesia appeared roughly around the time Pleistocene when still connected to the Asian mainland. The first settlers region which is known to Java Man on the approximately 500,000 last year. The Indonesian archipelago, as there is currently formed at the time melting of ice after the end of the Ice Age.
Early History
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Hindu kingdom Dwipa Java in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Taruma Kingdom West Java master about the year 400. In the 425 years of Buddhism has reach the area.
In Renaissance Europe, Java and Sumatra have had a legacy civilization thousands of years old and along the two great kingdoms.
Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom
During the 7th century until the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya developing rapidly in Sumatra. Explorers Chinese I Ching visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670. At the height of glory, the Srivijaya controlled the extent to West Java and the Malay Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, Majapahit. Majapahit Patih between the years 1331 until 1364, Gajah Mada managed to obtain power over the territory Indonesia is now mostly along almost the entire peninsula Malay. The legacy of the Gajah Mada, including codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.
Islamic Kingdom
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but Islam actually has already arrived in Indonesia in the 7th century AD by berimannya person per-person. It was already a busy shipping lane and international nature through the Malacca Strait that connects the Tang Dynasty Chinese, Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and the Umayyads in West Asia since the 7th century.
According to Chinese sources by the end of the third quarter of 7th century, a Arab traders became leader of the Muslim Arab settlements on the coast Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This appear in the Year 100 H (718 AD) King of Srivijaya named Jambi Srindravarman send a letter to the Caliph 'Umar ibn' Abdul 'Aziz of Khilafah
Bani Umayyad request sent da `i who can explain Islam to him. The letter reads: "From the King in the King who is the descendant of a thousand kings, who his wife also grandchildren a thousand kings, who in the cage there are a thousand animals elephant, in whose territory there are two rivers that irrigate the tree aloes, scented spices, nutmeg and a fragrant camphor fragrance until reach a distance of 12 miles, to the Arab King who does not associate gods
others with God. I have sent you a gift, the actual a gift that is not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explain to me about its laws. "Two years later, the year 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, converted to Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi Sribuza also known by the name of Islam. Unfortunately, in 730 AD Sriwijaya Sriwijaya Palembang Jambi is captured by a still embrace Buddhism.
Islam continues to mengokoh become a political institution who carry Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called the Sultanate of Peureulak established on 1 Muharram 225H 839M or 12 November of that year. Another example is the Kingdom Ternate. Islam arrived in this kingdom in the Maluku islands in 1440. King Imagine a Muslim named Ullah.
Islamic Sultanate then semikin spread his teachings to the people and through assimilation, replaced Hinduism as the main trust at end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Only Bali that still maintain Hindu majority. On the islands in the east, Churchman-Christian Churchman and Islam are known to be active in the 16th century and 17, and currently there is a majority greatly from the two faiths in these islands.
The spread of Islam carried / pushed through trade relations outside Archipelago; this, because the spreader is proselytizing or mubaligh envoy of Islamic government which came from outside Indonesia, then to feed themselves and their families, the mubaligh this work through how to trade, the mubaligh Islam is also spreading to the traders from the natives, until the merchants are converted to Islam and to spread also to the population others, because most traders and experts kingdom / empire was the first to adopt the new religion. Sultanate / Kingdom of importance include Pasai Ocean, the Kingdom of Mataram in Yogyakarta / Central Java and the Sultanate and the Sultanate of Ternate in the Moluccas in the East Tidore.
Colonization VOC
Starting in 1602 dutch gradually became the ruler of the territory which is now Indonesia, by exploiting divisions among the small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The only thing that is not affected is the former Portuguese colony, which remains controlled by Portugal until 1975, when integrated into the Indonesian province called East Timor. The Dutch controlled Indonesia for nearly 350 years, except for one short period in which a small part of Indonesia is controlled by Britain after World War II.
When colonize Indonesia, Netherlands East Indies Netherlands developed into one of the world's richest colonial power. 350 years of Dutch colonialism for some people is a myth because the new Aceh region was conquered later after the Dutch near bankruptcy.
In 1905 the first nationalist movement, (Islamic Trade Union) was formed and then followed in 1908 by the nationalist movements that followed, (Budi Utomo). The Dutch responded after World War I by the steps oppression. Nationalist leaders came from a small group composed of young professionals and students, some of whom have been educated in the Netherlands. Many of those imprisoned for political activities, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.
In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Indies The Netherlands announced a state of siege and in July divert exports to Japan to the United States and Britain. Negotiations with Japan that aim to securing supplies of aircraft fuel failed in June 1941, and Japan started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. In the months same time, factions from Sumatra receive Japanese aid to bring about a revolution against the Dutch government. Dutch troops who last defeated Japan in March 1942.
On 9 August 1945 Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman Widjodiningrat flown to Vietnam to meet with Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops were to destruction but the Japanese wanted the independence of Indonesia on 24 August.
Proclamation of Independence
Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make such a decision on 16 August, Sukarno read "Proclamation" on the next day. news of the proclamation spread via radio and leaflets while the Indonesian military forces during the war, Homeland Defense Forces (PETA), the youth, and others immediately set out to maintain the residence of Sukarno.
On August 29, 1945 the group inaugurated as President Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as Vice President by the Constitution designed a few days earlier. Later formed the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) as a temporary parliament until elections can be held. This group declared a new government on August 31, and wants the Republic of Indonesia, which consists of 8 Provinces: Sumatra, Kalimantan (Including area Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei), West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku (including North Maluku) and Sunda Small.
Independence War
From 1945 to 1949, Australian maritime union who sympathized with business freedom, banned all Dutch shipping during this conflict for the Netherlands do not have the logistical support and supply the necessary to re-establish colonial rule.
Dutch business to return to power faced strong resistance. After back to Java, Dutch forces soon recaptured the capital of colonial Batavia, as a result of the Yogyakarta as the capital of nationalist making them. On December 27, 1949 (see article on December 27, 1949), after 4 years warfare and negotiations, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands moved sovereignty Federal government of Indonesia. In 1950, Indonesia became a member of the 60 UN.
Guided Democracy
A failed uprising in Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java and the islands that were started since 1958, plus the failure of the Assembly to develop new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system of Indonesia. Consequently in 1959 when President Soekarno unilaterally reviving the 1945 constitution temporary, which provides a great presidential power, he do not see many obstacles.
From 1959 to 1965, President Sukarno ruled in an authoritarian regime in under the label of "Guided Democracy. " He also shift the foreign policy Indonesia towards the non-aligned, supported policies that important leaders countries of the former colonies who rejected formal alliances with the West Block or block the Soviet Union. The leaders gathered in Bandung, Java
West in 1955 in the Asia-Africa summit to establish a foundation that would the Non-Aligned Movement.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soekarno moved closer to communist countries of Asia and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in country. Although PKI is the world's largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support never showed any ideological obedience to the communist party as in other countries.
Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
Soekarno opposed the formation of the Federation of Malaysia and said that it it is a "neo-colonial plan" to facilitate plan British commercial in the area. In addition to the formation of the Federation Malaysia, as it would extend the influence of imperialist countries West Asia and give the crack to the UK and Australia to influence regional politics of Asia. Responding to the UN's decision to recognize the sovereignty of Malaysia and make Malaysia non-permanent members UN Security Council, President Sukarno announced his resignation Indonesian state of the UN membership on 20 January 1965 founded the New Power Conference (CONEFO) as a rival of the UN and Ganefo as opposed to the Olympics. In the same year this confrontation then lead to fighting between Indonesian troops and Malaysia (which is assisted by the British).
The fate of West Irian
At the time of independence, the Dutch government to retain power against western island of New Guinea (Irian), and allowing the steps towards self-government and the declaration of independence on December 1, 1961.
Negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of the region with Indonesia failed, and forces Indonesian paratroopers landed in New Guinea on December 18 before a battle ensued between Indonesian troops and the Netherlands in 1961 and 1962. In 1962 the United States pressing Netherlands to agree to conduct secret talks with Indonesia produce the New York Agreement in August 1962, and Indonesia taking over power to Irian Jaya on May 1, 1963.
September 30th Movement
Until 1965, the PKI had taken control of much of the mass organizations formed Soekarno to strengthen support for his regime and, with approval of Soekarno, began a campaign to establish a "Fifth Force" with arming supporters. Military leaders opposed this.
On 30 September 1965, six senior generals and some other people killed in a coup attempt blamed on the guards of the palace loyal to the PKI. Commander of the Army Strategic Command at the time, Maj. Gen. Suharto, crushed the coup and turned against the PKI. Suharto then use this situation to take over power. More than tens of thousands the people who accused the communists and then killed. The number of casualties on 1966 to reach at least 500,000; the most severe in Java and Bali.
Early History
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Hindu kingdom Dwipa Java in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Taruma Kingdom West Java master about the year 400. In the 425 years of Buddhism has reach the area.
In Renaissance Europe, Java and Sumatra have had a legacy civilization thousands of years old and along the two great kingdoms.
Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom
During the 7th century until the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya developing rapidly in Sumatra. Explorers Chinese I Ching visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670. At the height of glory, the Srivijaya controlled the extent to West Java and the Malay Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, Majapahit. Majapahit Patih between the years 1331 until 1364, Gajah Mada managed to obtain power over the territory Indonesia is now mostly along almost the entire peninsula Malay. The legacy of the Gajah Mada, including codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.
Islamic Kingdom
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but Islam actually has already arrived in Indonesia in the 7th century AD by berimannya person per-person. It was already a busy shipping lane and international nature through the Malacca Strait that connects the Tang Dynasty Chinese, Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and the Umayyads in West Asia since the 7th century.
According to Chinese sources by the end of the third quarter of 7th century, a Arab traders became leader of the Muslim Arab settlements on the coast Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This appear in the Year 100 H (718 AD) King of Srivijaya named Jambi Srindravarman send a letter to the Caliph 'Umar ibn' Abdul 'Aziz of Khilafah
Bani Umayyad request sent da `i who can explain Islam to him. The letter reads: "From the King in the King who is the descendant of a thousand kings, who his wife also grandchildren a thousand kings, who in the cage there are a thousand animals elephant, in whose territory there are two rivers that irrigate the tree aloes, scented spices, nutmeg and a fragrant camphor fragrance until reach a distance of 12 miles, to the Arab King who does not associate gods
others with God. I have sent you a gift, the actual a gift that is not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explain to me about its laws. "Two years later, the year 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, converted to Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi Sribuza also known by the name of Islam. Unfortunately, in 730 AD Sriwijaya Sriwijaya Palembang Jambi is captured by a still embrace Buddhism.
Islam continues to mengokoh become a political institution who carry Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called the Sultanate of Peureulak established on 1 Muharram 225H 839M or 12 November of that year. Another example is the Kingdom Ternate. Islam arrived in this kingdom in the Maluku islands in 1440. King Imagine a Muslim named Ullah.
Islamic Sultanate then semikin spread his teachings to the people and through assimilation, replaced Hinduism as the main trust at end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Only Bali that still maintain Hindu majority. On the islands in the east, Churchman-Christian Churchman and Islam are known to be active in the 16th century and 17, and currently there is a majority greatly from the two faiths in these islands.
The spread of Islam carried / pushed through trade relations outside Archipelago; this, because the spreader is proselytizing or mubaligh envoy of Islamic government which came from outside Indonesia, then to feed themselves and their families, the mubaligh this work through how to trade, the mubaligh Islam is also spreading to the traders from the natives, until the merchants are converted to Islam and to spread also to the population others, because most traders and experts kingdom / empire was the first to adopt the new religion. Sultanate / Kingdom of importance include Pasai Ocean, the Kingdom of Mataram in Yogyakarta / Central Java and the Sultanate and the Sultanate of Ternate in the Moluccas in the East Tidore.
Colonization VOC
Starting in 1602 dutch gradually became the ruler of the territory which is now Indonesia, by exploiting divisions among the small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The only thing that is not affected is the former Portuguese colony, which remains controlled by Portugal until 1975, when integrated into the Indonesian province called East Timor. The Dutch controlled Indonesia for nearly 350 years, except for one short period in which a small part of Indonesia is controlled by Britain after World War II.
When colonize Indonesia, Netherlands East Indies Netherlands developed into one of the world's richest colonial power. 350 years of Dutch colonialism for some people is a myth because the new Aceh region was conquered later after the Dutch near bankruptcy.
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| VOC Colonial Logo |
In the 17th century Dutch and 18 are not controlled directly by the Dutch government but by a trading company called the Dutch East Indies Company (Dutch : Verenigde OostindischeCompagnie or VOC ). VOC has been given monopoly rights to trade and colonial activities in area by the Dutch Parliament in 1602. Headquarters are in Batavia, now called Jakarta.
VOC main purpose is to maintain its monopoly on trade spices in the archipelago. This is done through the use and threat violence against the population in the islands spice, and against people of non-Dutch who tried to trade with the resident. For example, when the population continues to sell the Banda Islands nutmeg to English merchants, the Dutch troops to kill or deport almost the entire population and then populating the islands with the servants or slaves who worked in nutmeg plantation.
VOC become involved in internal politics of Java in this period, and fought in recent wars involving the leaders of Mataram and Banten.
Dutch colonization
After the VOC went bankrupt in the late 18th century and after the reign of Britain short under Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Dutch government took transfer of ownership of the VOC in 1816. A successful revolt in Java crushed in the Diponegoro War in 1825-1830. After year 1830 system of forced cultivation, known as cultuurstelsel in Dutch were adopted. In this system, the residents were forced to plant the results plantation into the world market demand at the time, such as tea, coffee etc.. Results plants were then exported to foreign countries. This system brings great wealth to the implementer - both the Dutch and of Indonesia. Forced cultivation system is a government monopoly and eliminated in that time more freely after 1870.
After the VOC went bankrupt in the late 18th century and after the reign of Britain short under Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Dutch government took transfer of ownership of the VOC in 1816. A successful revolt in Java crushed in the Diponegoro War in 1825-1830. After year 1830 system of forced cultivation, known as cultuurstelsel in Dutch were adopted. In this system, the residents were forced to plant the results plantation into the world market demand at the time, such as tea, coffee etc.. Results plants were then exported to foreign countries. This system brings great wealth to the implementer - both the Dutch and of Indonesia. Forced cultivation system is a government monopoly and eliminated in that time more freely after 1870.
In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical Policy (Dutch: Ethische Politiek), which included greater investment in education for indigenous people, and little political change. In Under the governor-general J.B. van Heutsz Dutch East Indies government extend direct colonial rule throughout the Dutch East Indies, and with it established the foundation for Indonesia's current state.
Nationalism movement
In 1905 the first nationalist movement, (Islamic Trade Union) was formed and then followed in 1908 by the nationalist movements that followed, (Budi Utomo). The Dutch responded after World War I by the steps oppression. Nationalist leaders came from a small group composed of young professionals and students, some of whom have been educated in the Netherlands. Many of those imprisoned for political activities, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.
World War II
In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Indies The Netherlands announced a state of siege and in July divert exports to Japan to the United States and Britain. Negotiations with Japan that aim to securing supplies of aircraft fuel failed in June 1941, and Japan started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. In the months same time, factions from Sumatra receive Japanese aid to bring about a revolution against the Dutch government. Dutch troops who last defeated Japan in March 1942.
Japanese Occupation
In July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a public campaign and form a government that can also provide response to the needs of the Japanese military. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Kyai decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1943. However, experience from the Japanese occupation in Indonesia vary widely, depending on where a person life and social status of the person. For those who live in areas that are considered important in warfare, they experienced torture, sex slavery involved, arbitrary detention and the death penalty, and other war crimes. People Mixed Indonesian-Dutch and Dutch is the target in Japanese domination.
In March 1945 the Japanese established the Enterprise Foundation Investigator Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). At its first meeting in May, Soepomo talk about national integration and against individualism individuals, while Muhammad Yamin suggested that the new state was also once claimed to Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, East and throughout the Portuguese-Dutch East Indies before the war. In July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a public campaign and form a government that can also provide response to the needs of the Japanese military. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Kyai decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1943. However, experience from the Japanese occupation in Indonesia vary widely, depending on where a person life and social status of the person. For those who live in areas that are considered important in warfare, they experienced torture, sex slavery involved, arbitrary detention and the death penalty, and other war crimes. People Mixed Indonesian-Dutch and Dutch is the target in Japanese domination.
On 9 August 1945 Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman Widjodiningrat flown to Vietnam to meet with Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops were to destruction but the Japanese wanted the independence of Indonesia on 24 August.
Proclamation of Independence
Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make such a decision on 16 August, Sukarno read "Proclamation" on the next day. news of the proclamation spread via radio and leaflets while the Indonesian military forces during the war, Homeland Defense Forces (PETA), the youth, and others immediately set out to maintain the residence of Sukarno.
Independence War
From 1945 to 1949, Australian maritime union who sympathized with business freedom, banned all Dutch shipping during this conflict for the Netherlands do not have the logistical support and supply the necessary to re-establish colonial rule.
Dutch business to return to power faced strong resistance. After back to Java, Dutch forces soon recaptured the capital of colonial Batavia, as a result of the Yogyakarta as the capital of nationalist making them. On December 27, 1949 (see article on December 27, 1949), after 4 years warfare and negotiations, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands moved sovereignty Federal government of Indonesia. In 1950, Indonesia became a member of the 60 UN.
Guided Democracy
A failed uprising in Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java and the islands that were started since 1958, plus the failure of the Assembly to develop new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system of Indonesia. Consequently in 1959 when President Soekarno unilaterally reviving the 1945 constitution temporary, which provides a great presidential power, he do not see many obstacles.
From 1959 to 1965, President Sukarno ruled in an authoritarian regime in under the label of "Guided Democracy. " He also shift the foreign policy Indonesia towards the non-aligned, supported policies that important leaders countries of the former colonies who rejected formal alliances with the West Block or block the Soviet Union. The leaders gathered in Bandung, Java
West in 1955 in the Asia-Africa summit to establish a foundation that would the Non-Aligned Movement.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soekarno moved closer to communist countries of Asia and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in country. Although PKI is the world's largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support never showed any ideological obedience to the communist party as in other countries.
Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
Soekarno opposed the formation of the Federation of Malaysia and said that it it is a "neo-colonial plan" to facilitate plan British commercial in the area. In addition to the formation of the Federation Malaysia, as it would extend the influence of imperialist countries West Asia and give the crack to the UK and Australia to influence regional politics of Asia. Responding to the UN's decision to recognize the sovereignty of Malaysia and make Malaysia non-permanent members UN Security Council, President Sukarno announced his resignation Indonesian state of the UN membership on 20 January 1965 founded the New Power Conference (CONEFO) as a rival of the UN and Ganefo as opposed to the Olympics. In the same year this confrontation then lead to fighting between Indonesian troops and Malaysia (which is assisted by the British).
The fate of West Irian
At the time of independence, the Dutch government to retain power against western island of New Guinea (Irian), and allowing the steps towards self-government and the declaration of independence on December 1, 1961.
Negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of the region with Indonesia failed, and forces Indonesian paratroopers landed in New Guinea on December 18 before a battle ensued between Indonesian troops and the Netherlands in 1961 and 1962. In 1962 the United States pressing Netherlands to agree to conduct secret talks with Indonesia produce the New York Agreement in August 1962, and Indonesia taking over power to Irian Jaya on May 1, 1963.
September 30th Movement
Until 1965, the PKI had taken control of much of the mass organizations formed Soekarno to strengthen support for his regime and, with approval of Soekarno, began a campaign to establish a "Fifth Force" with arming supporters. Military leaders opposed this.
On 30 September 1965, six senior generals and some other people killed in a coup attempt blamed on the guards of the palace loyal to the PKI. Commander of the Army Strategic Command at the time, Maj. Gen. Suharto, crushed the coup and turned against the PKI. Suharto then use this situation to take over power. More than tens of thousands the people who accused the communists and then killed. The number of casualties on 1966 to reach at least 500,000; the most severe in Java and Bali.
New Order Era
After Soeharto became president, the first one did was Indonesia became a member of the UN register again. Indonesia on 19 September 1966 announced that Indonesia "intends to continue cooperation with the UN and to continue participation in UN activities ", and become a member of the United Nations back on September 28, 1966, exactly 16 years after Indonesia accepted the first time. In 1968, the Assembly was officially inaugurated Suharto for a term of 5 years as president, and he was then sworn in again in a row on 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.
After Soeharto became president, the first one did was Indonesia became a member of the UN register again. Indonesia on 19 September 1966 announced that Indonesia "intends to continue cooperation with the UN and to continue participation in UN activities ", and become a member of the United Nations back on September 28, 1966, exactly 16 years after Indonesia accepted the first time. In 1968, the Assembly was officially inaugurated Suharto for a term of 5 years as president, and he was then sworn in again in a row on 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.
President Soeharto started "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatic change in foreign policy and the country of the road Soekarno adopted at the end of his term. New Order to choose repair and economic development as its primary purpose and travel policies through a military-dominated administrative structure but with advice from Western trained economists. During his administration, policies This, and the exploitation of natural resources on a large scale to produce economic growth but its not evenly distributed in Indonesia. For example, the number of hungry people reduced by large in the 1970s and The 1980s. He also enrich himself, his family, and co-Sticking close by rampant corruption.
Irian Jaya
After rejecting the supervision of the UN, the Indonesian government implement the "Act of Free Choice"(Free Choice Action) in Irian Jaya in 1969 where the 1025 vice Irian regional heads are selected and then given training in language, Indonesia. They finally chose to join the consensus Indonesia. A UN General Assembly resolution and make sure the displacement powers to Indonesia. Rejection of Indonesian rule cause the activities of small-scale guerrilla in subsequent years after the transfer of these powers. In a more open atmosphere after 1998, the statements that is more explicit desire independence from Indonesia has emerged.
After rejecting the supervision of the UN, the Indonesian government implement the "Act of Free Choice"(Free Choice Action) in Irian Jaya in 1969 where the 1025 vice Irian regional heads are selected and then given training in language, Indonesia. They finally chose to join the consensus Indonesia. A UN General Assembly resolution and make sure the displacement powers to Indonesia. Rejection of Indonesian rule cause the activities of small-scale guerrilla in subsequent years after the transfer of these powers. In a more open atmosphere after 1998, the statements that is more explicit desire independence from Indonesia has emerged.
East Timor
From 1596 to 1975, East Timor was a Portuguese colony on the island of Timor known as Portuguese Timor and separated from the north coast of Australia by the Timor Sea. As a result of political events in Portugal, officials in Portugal suddenly withdrew from East Timor in 1975. In local elections in the year 1975, Fretilin, a party that led in part by people who bring Marxism, and UDT, became the largest party, after previously formed an alliance to campaign for independence from Portugal.
On December 7, 1975, Indonesian troops entered East Timor. Indonesia, that have a material and diplomatic support, assisted equipment weapons provided the United States and Australia, hoping to East Timor will have their additional oil reserves and natural gas, and strategic location.
From 1596 to 1975, East Timor was a Portuguese colony on the island of Timor known as Portuguese Timor and separated from the north coast of Australia by the Timor Sea. As a result of political events in Portugal, officials in Portugal suddenly withdrew from East Timor in 1975. In local elections in the year 1975, Fretilin, a party that led in part by people who bring Marxism, and UDT, became the largest party, after previously formed an alliance to campaign for independence from Portugal.
On December 7, 1975, Indonesian troops entered East Timor. Indonesia, that have a material and diplomatic support, assisted equipment weapons provided the United States and Australia, hoping to East Timor will have their additional oil reserves and natural gas, and strategic location.
In the early days, the Indonesian military (ABRI) kills nearly 200,000 citizens of East Timor through murder, forced starvation and others. many human rights violations during East Timor within Indonesia.
On 30 August 1999, the people of East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia in a ballot held by the United Nations. Approximately 99% of the voting population participated: 3 / 4 its vote for independence. Immediately after the results were announced, reported that the Indonesian military in East Timor continued vandalism, such as damage to infrastructure in the area.
In october 1999, 1976 MPR decree canceling menintergrasikan East Timor into Indonesian territory, and the United Nations Transitional Authority (UNTAET) took over responsibility for governing East Timor so that full independence is achieved in May 2002.
Economic Crisis
In mid 1997, Indonesia was attacked Asian financial crisis and the economy (for details see: The Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and minyakm prices, gas and other export commodities are increasingly falling. Rupiah falls, inflation rose sharply, and in speeding up the movement of capital.
In mid 1997, Indonesia was attacked Asian financial crisis and the economy (for details see: The Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and minyakm prices, gas and other export commodities are increasingly falling. Rupiah falls, inflation rose sharply, and in speeding up the movement of capital.
The demonstrators, who initially led by students, demanding the resignation of Suharto. In the midst of mass turmoil the widespread anger, as well as thousands of students occupied the parliament building, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the MPR anoint for the seventh term of office. Suharto then choose the Vice-President BJ Habibie, to become the third president of Indonesia.
